fa26-soilsci101 soilsci101
Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction
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A Growing Impact
“Science cannot resolve moral conflicts, but it can help to more accurately frame the debates about those conflicts.”
Central Question
1.1-1.4 Science
biological environment
1.1 Environment is everything
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Think About It
1.2 Science uses a formal method to gather evidence about how nature works
environmental science
SCIENTISTS STUDY NATURE AT MANY SCALES
Ancient Observations
The Scientific Process
Hypothesis
laboratory experiments
Observation
Experiments
LONG-TERM GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RECORD
field experiments
Models
Think About It
1.3 Scientific evidence can reduce uncertainty about natural phenomena
Sources of Scientific Uncertainty
Precautionary Principle
precautionary principle
Think About It
1.4 The integrity of science depends on following a strict code of ethical conduct
Data Treatment
precautionary principle
Research Misconduct
Publishing and Peer Review
Conflict of Interest
Think About It
1.1-1.4 Science: Summary
conflict of interest
1.5-1.6 Issues
1.5 Human impact and environmental awareness began long ago
Ancient Records of Environmental Impact
ENVIRONMENT AND THE RISE AND FALL OF A CIVILIZATION
DEFORESTATION IN CHINA
Growing Environmental Awareness
Benjamin Franklin and Environmental Protection
CHACO NATIONAL MONUMENT, NEW MEXICO
Thomas Malthus, Population Growth, and Resources
George Perkins Marsh: Human Populations and Nature
Land Conservation and Preservation in the United States
preservation ethic
conservation ethic
UNITED BY HISTORY: JOHN MUIR, GIFFORD PINCHOT, AND THEODORE ROOSEVELT
Rachel Carson’s Warnings
Think About It
1.6 Human impact on the environment has become a global issue
Earth Day
ecological footprint
renewable resources
nonrenewable resources
CONTRIBUTORS TO ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
Ecological Footprint
Think About It
1.5-1.6 Issues: Summary
1.7-1.9 Solutions
1.7 Environmental ethics extends moral responsibilities to the environment
environmental ethics
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS PERSPECTIVES AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES
Worldviews
HETCH HETCHY VALLEY: THE FOCUS OF MORE THAN A CENTURY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT
Environmental Ethics in Action
Environmental Justice
environmental justice
Religious and Cultural Perspectives
Think About It
1.8 Sustainability as a pragmatic solution to environmental woes
environmentalism An
Think About It
1.9 Environmental science provides a comprehensive framework for addressing environmental issues
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DRAWS FROM MANY AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE
NATURAL SCIENCES
APPLIED SCIENCES
HUMANITIES
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Think About It
1.7-1.9 Solutions: Summary
Central Question: How do science and values help address environmental issues?
1.1-1.4 Science
1.5-1.6 Issues
Science, Environment, Values, and You
□ Practice the scientific process.
☐ Familiarize yourself with the scientific literature and practice thinking like a scientist.
Calculate your personal ecological footprint.
Determine your personal environmental ethic.
1.7–1.9 Solutions
Answer the Central Question:
Chapter 1
Review Questions
1. When was thinning of the ozone over the Antarctic first verified?
2. Which of the following is part of the environment experienced by humans?
3. Which of the following is essential to any scientific investigation?
4. A theory, as used by scientists, is best described by which one of the following?
5. Which one of the following is not a form of research misconduct?
6. When were some of the earliest observations of human environmental impact recorded in writing?
7. What eventually scuttled Benjamin Franklin’s attempts to have the tanneries moved from the center of Philadelphia?
8. What did Rachel Carson advise regarding the use of chemical pesticides?
9. Which of the following is the most inclusive ethical perspective on the environment?
10. Which of the following best describes environmental science?
Critical Analysis
Central Question: How can linking ecology and economics help reduce societies’ environmental impacts?