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Chapter 13: Air, Water, and Soil Pollution Chapter 13: Air, Water, and Soil Pollution
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A Pollution Problem
Central Question
13.1-13.3 Science
13.1 Industry releases pollutants
Point Versus Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION
Pollutant Persistence
Primary and Secondary Pollutants
Think About It
point sources of pollution
nonpoint sources of
primary pollutant A
secondary pollutant A
EXAMPLES OF ATMOSPHERIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF PRIMARY POLLUTANTS TO SECONDARY POLLUTANTS
13.2 Humans produce a wide variety of pollutants
Criteria Air Pollutants
Sulfur and Acid Rain
TABLE 13.2
EPA CRITERIA POLLUTANTS AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
THE GLOBAL SULFUR CYCLE
KEY PROCESSES
1 WEATHERING
2 VULCANISM and
HYDROTHERMAL RELEASE
3 OCEANIC RELEASE
4 FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION
5 DEPOSITION
6 UPTAKE BY PRIMARY PRODUCERS
persistent organic
Persistent Organic Pollutants
Heavy Metals
Organic Pollution
Cultural Eutrophication
A CONSEQUENCE OF CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION
transboundary pollution
Think About It
13.3 Atmospheric and aquatic transport eventually move pollutants around the planet
Atmospheric Circulation
OBSERVATION OF GLOBAL-SCALE CIRCULATION FOLLOWING THE ERUPTION OF MOUNT PINATUBO, PHILIPPINES
DUST FROM THE SAHARA DESERT
Oceanic Transport
Watersheds
DEBRIS WASHED OUT TO SEA BY FUKUSHIMA TSUNAMI
Airsheds
PACIFIC BLUEFIN TUNA, THUNNUS ORIENTALIS
THE CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED
AIRSHED FOR DEPOSITION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
Think About It
13.1-13.3 Science: Summary
13.4–13.7 Issues
The Toll of Indoor Air Pollution
HOUSEHOLD SOURCES OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
indoor air pollution A
PROPORTION OF DEATHS RESULTING FROM INDOOR POLLUTION BY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REGIONS
Economic Costs of Air Pollution
Costs of Air Pollution in the United States
Costs of Air Pollution in China
ACID RAIN AND FOREST DESTRUCTION
⚠ Think About It
13.5 Acid rain is a major source of damage to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
How Acid Rain Harms Ecosystems
Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems
Think About It
13.6 Persistent pollutants enter the human food chain
PCBs and Hudson River Fish
Heavy Metals and Agriculture
Think About It
13.7 Organic matter and nutrient pollution can disrupt local and distant ecosystems
Organic Pollution of Aquatic Ecosystems
Nutrient Enrichment and Eutrophication
Dead Zones in Coastal Areas
Think About It
13.4–13.7 Issues: Summary
13.8-13.12 Solutions
13.8 Environmental regulation and international treaties have played important roles in reducing pollution in North America
TABLE 13.5 MISSION OF THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ESTABLISHED BY PRESIDENT RICHARD M. NIXON IN 1970
The Clean Water Act
The Clean Air Act
United States–Canadian Cooperation on Acid Rain
Regulatory Mechanisms to Control Pollution
Economic Benefits of Pollution Control
Think About It
13.9 Control measures have reduced emissions of pollutants and acid rain
Reduced Emissions and Decreased Acid Rain
pH OF PRECIPITATION ACROSS THE UNITED STATES IN 1994 AND 2009
Recovery of Aquatic Ecosystems
Recovery of Terrestrial Ecosystems
Think About It
13.10 New technologies can reduce indoor air pollution
Healthier Cooking Technologies
Reducing Indoor Air Pollution in Modern Buildings
SOLAR ENERGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO BIOMASS BURNING
Think About It
MAINTAINING INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN LARGE MODERN BUILDINGS
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF A MODERN HVAC SYSTEM
PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF A MODERN HVAC SYSTEM
13.11 Soils and sediments contaminated by hazardous wastes can be cleaned using a variety of techniques
Persistent Pollutants in the Hudson River
Bioremediation
Think About It
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH HEAVY METALS
bioremediation An
phytoremediation
hyperaccumulators
BIOREMEDIATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATED WITH ORGANIC CHEMICALS BY STIMULATING MICROBIAL BREAKDOWN
13.12 There are many effective ways to reduce organic and nutrient pollution
Sewage Treatment in Cities
Septic Systems in Rural Areas
Constructed Wetlands to Treat Diverse Sources of Pollution
Integrated Constructed Wetlands
Think About It
ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO REDUCE ORGANIC AND NUTRIENT POLLUTION
13.8-13.12 Solutions: Summary
Central Question: How can we control and reduce environmental pollution?
13.1-13.3 Science
13.4–13.7 Issues
Pollution and You
Stay informed, act informed.
Use healthy home practices.
Keep smoking out.
Test for radon.
13.8-13.12 Solutions
Answer the Central Question:
Chapter 13
Review Questions
1. What is pollution?
2. Which of the following could be considered a point source of pollution?
3. A decrease in pH from 7 to 6 results in which of the following?
4. What was the rationale for choosing the so-called criteria pollutants?
5. What is the main difference between natural and cultural eutrophication of lakes?
6. What are some of the costs of air pollution?
7. Which type of crop plant is least likely to accumulate high concentrations of heavy metals?
8. What is the outcome of efforts to control acid rain in the United States?
9. Which of the following likely motivates current efforts by the EPA to reduce mercury pollution by coal-fired power plants in the United States?
10. Where are constructed wetlands likely to be most useful for treating wastewater?
Critical Analysis