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Lecture 4: Human Biological Variation Lecture 4: Human Biological Variation
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Sign in to readLecture 4: Human Biological Variation
Important Reminders
Discussion Sections
Exam Clarification
Understanding Human Variation
Key Questions
Examples of Variable Traits
Complex Traits: The Interaction of Genes and Environment
The Genotype × Environment → Phenotype Model
Genotype
Environment
Phenotype
Understanding DNA and Genetic Diversity
Key Concepts
Human Genetic Similarity
Variation Structure in Human Populations
Factors Structuring Human Variation
What is a Population?
Types of Traits
Continuous Traits
Discrete Traits
Important Considerations
Polymorphisms and Dimorphisms
Sex and Gender: Biological and Cultural Categories
Sex (Biological)
Gender (Cultural)
Geographic Patterns: Clines
Human Height: A Case Study in Complex Traits
Patterns of Height Variation
By Sex
By Geography (1996 birth cohort)
Historical Changes (1896-1996)
Human Migration and Genetic Diversity
Out of Africa Model
Geographic Distance and Genetic Variation
Bias in Genetic Research
Historical Bias: Human Genome Project (1990-2003)
Current Efforts to Address Bias
1000 Genomes Project (2007-2015)
Human Pangenome Reference Consortium
Why Population Differences Matter
Ethics in Genomic Research
Key Ethical Considerations
Historical Context
Race and Biological Reality
Scientific Consensus on Race
Five Key Propositions from Contemporary Data:
American Association of Biological Anthropologists Statement
Important Distinction
Key Takeaways